Extracted the predicate version of toThrowError into its own matcher

This simplifies the signature of each matcher to something that jsdoc
can actually handle.

[Finishes #20622765]

spec/core/matchers/toThrowMatchingSpec.js

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+describe("toThrowMatching", function() {
+  it("throws an error when the actual is not a function", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching();
+
+    expect(function() {
+      matcher.compare({}, function() { return true; });
+    }).toThrowError(/Actual is not a Function/);
+  });
+
+  it("throws an error when the expected is not a function", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching(),
+      fn = function() {
+        throw new Error("foo");
+      };
+
+    expect(function() {
+      matcher.compare(fn, 1);
+    }).toThrowError(/Predicate is not a Function/);
+  });
+
+  it("fails if actual does not throw at all", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching(),
+      fn = function() {
+        return true;
+      },
+      result;
+
+    result = matcher.compare(fn, function() { return true; });
+
+    expect(result.pass).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.message).toEqual("Expected function to throw an exception.");
+  });
+
+  it("fails with the correct message if thrown is a falsy value", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching(),
+      fn = function() {
+        throw undefined;
+      },
+      result;
+
+    result = matcher.compare(fn, function() { return false; });
+    expect(result.pass).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.message()).toEqual("Expected function to throw an exception matching a predicate, but it threw undefined.");
+  });
+
+  it("passes if the argument is a function that returns true when called with the error", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching(),
+    predicate = function(e) { return e.message === "nope" },
+      fn = function() {
+        throw new TypeError("nope");
+      },
+      result;
+
+    result = matcher.compare(fn, predicate);
+
+    expect(result.pass).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.message).toEqual("Expected function not to throw an exception matching a predicate.");
+  });
+
+  it("fails if the argument is a function that returns false when called with the error", function() {
+    var matcher = jasmineUnderTest.matchers.toThrowMatching(),
+    predicate = function(e) { return e.message === "oh no" },
+      fn = function() {
+        throw new TypeError("nope");
+      },
+      result;
+
+    result = matcher.compare(fn, predicate);
+
+    expect(result.pass).toBe(false);
+    expect(result.message()).toEqual("Expected function to throw an exception matching a predicate, but it threw TypeError with message 'nope'.");
+  });
+});